Oficinas regionais, influências de muitas e desvairadas partes: o caso dos suportes de madeira das pinturas maneiristas de Belchior de Matos da ermida de Geraldes (Peniche, Portugal)
Abstract
The present paper focuses on the study of two paintings, representing Saint Lucy and the Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian, made by Belchior de Matos (c. 1570-1628), for a small church in Peniche, in the early 17th century. The first observations made in the context of a conservation-restoration intervention showed that the wooden supports had an excellent quality and construction influences that contrast with what would be expected in a small commission to a modest and underpaid provincial artist. Thus, a detailed study of these supports, including the frame and the ground layer, was made using analytical techniques (observation with binocular loupe, photography, dendrochronology, optical microscopy and FTIR) in order to develop further the practices of small provincial painting workshops of the Mannerist period. In fact, contrary to what might be expected, the panels show that these workshops did not necessarily work in isolation but that they possessed a diversified technical knowledge that, besides original solutions, included practices from different geographical origins, from northern to southern Europe. With more case studies, it is important to clarify the extent to which they were or were not consolidated in Portugal.
Downloads
References
ALBA GONZÁLEZ-FANJUL, T. (2015). La construcción de los soportes pictóricos de madera en Castilla: siglos XV y XVI. Tese de doutoramento. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. http://eprints.ucm.es/33197/.
ALMADA, C. O., FIGUEIRA, L. T. (2000). “Conservação e restauro - 1998-1999”. In: História e Restauro da Pintura do Retábulo-mor do Mosteiro dos Jerónimos. Lisboa: IPPAR: 81-290.
ANTUNES, V., SERRÃO, V., OLIVEIRA, M. J., DIAS, L., CANDEIAS, A., MIRÃO, J., COROADO, J., CARVALHO, M. L., SERUYA, A. I. (2013). “Técnicas e materiais de preparação na pintura portuguesa dos séculos XV e XVI”. In: As Preparações na Pintura Portuguesa. Séculos XV e XVI, Serrão, V., Antunes, V. & Seruya, A. I. (eds.). Lisboa: Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa: 55-74.
ANTUNES, V. H. (2014). Técnicas e Materiais de Preparação na Pintura Portuguesa dos Séculos XV e XVI. Tese de doutoramento. Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa.
AZÉMARD, C., VIEILLESCAZES, C., MÉNAGER, M. (2014). “Effect of photodegradation on the identification of natural varnishes by FT-IR spectroscopy”, Microchemical Journal, 112: 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2013.09.020.
BASTO, A. M. (1931). O Pintor Quinhentista Diogo Teixeira. Gaia: Edições Pátria.
BRUQUETAS GALÁN, R. (2002). Técnicas y Materiales de la Pintura Española en los Siglos de Oro. Madrid: Fundación de Apoyo a la Historia del Arte Hispánico.
BRUQUETAS GALÁN, R. (2013). “Aparejos e imprimaduras. La preparación de la pintura según las fuentes históricas españolas”. In: As Preparações na Pintura Portuguesa. Séculos XV e XVI, Serrão, V., Antunes, V. & Seruya, A. I. (eds.). Lisboa: Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa: 27-37.
CALVO, A., SANTOS, S., ANDRÉS, M. S., SOUSA, M. J., CRUZ, A. J. (2013). “Del Mediterráneo al Atlántico: algunas consideraciones sobre las preparaciones de la pintura sobre tabla en la península ibérica”. In: As Preparações na Pintura Portuguesa. Séculos XV e XVI, Serrão, V., Antunes, V. & Seruya, A. I. (eds.). Lisboa: Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa: 95-106. http://www.ciarte.pt/artigos/201303.html.
CAMPBELL, L., FOISTER, S. (1997). “Methods and materials of Northern European painting in the National Gallery, 1400-1550”, National Gallery Technical Bulletin, 18: 6-55.
CASTELLI, C. (2009). “The construction of wooden supports of late medieval altarpieces”. In: Sassetta. The Borgo San Sepolcro Altarpiece, Israëls, M. (ed.). Leiden: Primavera Press: 319-336.
CORDEIRO, F. R. (2013a). Thomas Luis, Pintor Maneirista do Sacro e do Profano: Arte, Conservação e Restauro. Casos de Évora, Aldeia Galega, Elvas, Idanha-a-nova e Vila Viçosa - Séculos XVI a XVII. Tese de doutoramento. Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/11426.
CORDEIRO, F. R. (2013b). “Altarpieces in Portugal: joinery techniques within the context of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century European workshop practice”. In: The Renaissance Workshop. The Materials and Techniques of Renaissance Art, Saunders, D., Spring, M., Meek, A. (eds.). London: Archetype Publications: 49-59.
CORREIA, V. (1926). Livro dos Regimentos dos Officiaes Mecanicos da Mui Nobre e Sempre Leal Cidade de Lixboa (1572). Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade.
DERRICK, M. R., STULIK, D., LANDRY, J. M. (1999). Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute. http://hdl.handle.net/10020/gci_pubs/infrared_spectroscopy.
DUBOIS, H., FRAITURE, P. (2011). “Between creativity and economy: remarks on the quality of Rubens’ panel supports. A study of paintings in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium”. In: Studying Old Master Paintings. Technology and Practice, Spring, M. (ed.). London: Archetype Publications: 136-142.
DUNKERTON, J. (1994). “Michelangelo as a painter on panel”. In: Making & Meaning. The Young Michelangelo, Hirst, M. & Dunkerton, J. (eds.). London: National Gallery Publications: 83-133.
DUNKERTON, J., FOISTER, S., PENNY, N. (1999). Dürer to Veronese. Sixteen-Century Painting in the National Gallery. London: National Gallery Company.
ECKSTEIN, D. & BAUCH, J. (1969). “Beitrag zur rationalisierung eines dendrochronologischen verfahrens und zur analyse seiner aussagesicherheit”, Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, 88(1): 230-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02741777.
ESTEVES, L. (2003). “A dendrocronologia aplicada às obras de arte”. Documento dactilografado. Lisboa: Instituto Português de Conservação e Restauro.
FRAITURE, P. (2012). “Dendro-archaeological Examination of Paintings by Pieter Brueghel the Younger”. In: The Brueg(h)el Phenomenon. Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Pieter Brueghel the Younger with a Special Focus on Technique and Copying Practice, Currie, C. & Allart, D. (eds.). Brussels: Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage: 1002-1016.
GETTENS, R. J., MROSE, M. E. (1954). “Calcium sulfate minerals in the grounds of Italian paintings”, Studies in conservation, 1(4): 174-189. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.1954.026.
HILLAM, J., TYERS, I. (1995). “Reliability and repeatability in dendrochronological analysis: tests using the Fletcher archive of panel-painting data”, Archaeometry, 37(2): 395-405. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1995.tb00752.x.
HODGE, S., SPRING, M., MARCHANT, R. (1998). “The construction and painting of a large Castilian retable: a study of techniques and workshop practices”. In: Painting Techniques. History, materials and studio practice. Contributions to the Dublin Congress. 7-11 September 1998, Roy, A. & Smith, P. (eds.). London: The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works: 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.1998.43.Supplement-1.70.
HOLLSTEIN, E. (1980). Mitteleuropäische Eichenchronologie. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
ILVESSALO-PFÄFFLI, M. S. (1995). Fiber Atlas Identification of Papermaking Fibers. Berlin: Springer.
JOVER, M., ALBA, L., GAYO, M. D. & GARCÍA-MÁIQUEZ, J. (2015). “El taller del pintor: procedimientos artísticos en el obrador de Luis de Morales”. In: El Divino Morales, Gómez, L. R. (ed.). Madrid: Museo Nacional del Prado: 213-225.
KLEIN, P. (2010). “Dendrochronological analyses of Netherlandish panel paintings”. In: La Pintura Europea Sobre Tabla. Siglos XV, XVI y XVII. Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura: 94-99. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4086462.
KLEIN, P. (2012). “Wood identification and dendrochronology”. In: The Conservation of Easel Paintings, Stoner, J. H. & Rushfield, R. (eds.). Abingdon: Routledge: 51-65.
LANGHANS, F. P. (1943). As Corporações dos Ofícios Mecânicos. Subsídios para a sua História. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional.
LAUW, A., ESTEVES, L., TELES, M., LEAL, S., PEREIRA, H. (2013). “Pinturas do século XV e XVI: uma abordagem dendrocronológica”. In: As Preparações na Pintura Portuguesa. Séculos XV e XVI, Serrão, V., Antunes, V. & Seruya, A. I. (eds.). Lisboa: Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa: 279-287.
MARIJNISSEN, R. H. (1985). Paintings. Genuine, Fraud, Fake. Modern Methods of Examining Paintings. Brussels: Elsevier.
MELO, H. F. P. P. (2012). O Pintor Francisco João (Act. 1563-1595). Materiais e Técnicas na Pintura de Cavalete em Évora na Segunda Metade do Século XVI. Tese de doutoramento. Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola das Artes. http://repositorio.ucp.pt/handle/10400.14/14977.
MELO, H. P., CRUZ, A. J., CANDEIAS, A., MIRÃO, J., CARDOSO, A. M., OLIVEIRA, M. J., VALADAS, S. (2014). “Problems of analysis by FTIR of calcium sulphate-based preparatory layers: the case of a group of 16th-century Portuguese paintings”, Archaeometry, 56(3): 513-526. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12026.
MELO, H. P. (2019). Comunicação pessoal, 2019-06-20.
MENDES, J. (2004). “Intervenção de conservação e restauro”. In: Retábulo de Ferreira do Alentejo. Lisboa: Instituto Português de Conservação e Restauro: 43-63.
MONTEIRO, P., CRUZ, A. J. (2010). “Breve Tratado de Iluminação composto por um religioso da Ordem de Cristo”. In: The Materials of the Image. As Matérias da Imagem, Afonso, L. U. (ed.). Lisboa: Cátedra de Estudos Sefarditas «Alberto Benveniste» da Universidade de Lisboa: 237-286. http://www.ciarte.pt/artigos/201011.html.
OLIVEIRA, M. J., ANTUNES, V., SERRÃO, V., CANDEIAS, A., SERUYA, A. I., MIRÃO, J., COROADO, J. (2013). “Caracterização material da camada preparatória de pintura portuguesa por u-XRD e SEM-EDS”. In: As Preparações na Pintura Portuguesa. Séculos XV e XVI, Serrão, V., Antunes, V. & Seruya, A. I. (eds.). Lisboa: Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa: 39-44.
PACHECO, F. (2001). El Arte de la Pintura. Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra.
PRATI, S., SCIUTTO, G., MAZZEO, R., TORRI, C., FABBRI, D. (2011). “Application of ATR-far-infrared spectroscopy to the analysis of natural resins”, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 399(9): 3081-3091. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-4388-y
SALGADO, A., DIAS, J. (2013). “Análise tecnológica dos suportes lenhosos. Análise dos processos de restauro do retábulo da igreja da Misericórdia de Almada”. In: As Preparações na Pintura Portuguesa. Séculos XV e XVI, Serrão, V., Antunes, V. & Seruya, A. I. (eds.). Lisboa: Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa: 273-277.
SERRÃO, V. (1981). Belchior de Matos, 1595 - 1628. Pintor das Caldas da Rainha. Caldas da Rainha: Museu de José Malhoa.
SERRÃO, V. (1983). O Maneirismo e o Estatuto Social dos Pintores Portugueses. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional - Casa da Moeda.
SERRÃO, V. (1989). “Belchior de Matos, um pintor de província”. In: Estudos de Pintura Maneirista e Barroca. Lisboa: Caminho: 169-177.
SERRÃO, V. (2001). “Um contrato de ensino de pintura em Castelo Branco em 1732”. In: A Cripto-história da Arte. Análise de Obras de Arte Inexistentes. Lisboa: Livros Horizonte: 201-214.
SILVA, J. H. P. (1996). Estudos sobre o Maneirismo. Lisboa: Editorial Estampa.
SOUSA, M. J., CRUZ, A. J. (2012). “Materiais e técnica do painel representando a Visitação executado para o retábulo da capela de Santa Isabel (Porto), pelo pintor maneirista Diogo Teixeira”, ECR - Estudos de Conservação e Restauro: 4: 210-230. https://doi.org/10.34618/ecr.4.3093.
SOUSA, M. J., CRUZ, A. J., CALVO, A. (2014). “Estudo técnico e material do suporte das pinturas de Diogo Teixeira realizadas para o Mosteiro de Arouca”, ECR - Estudos de Conservação e Restauro, 6: 38-59. https://doi.org/10.7559/ecr.6.7523.
STREETON, N., WADUM, A. J. (2012). “Northern European panel paintings”. In: The Conservation of Easel Paintings, Stoner, J. H. & Rushfield, R. (eds.). Abingdon: Routledge: 86-97.
UZIELLI, L. (1998). “Historical overview of panel-making techniques in Central Italy”. In: The Structural Conservation of Panel Paintings, Dardes, K. & Rothe, A. (eds.). Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute: 110-135. http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications/pdf_publications/panelpaintings.html.
VÉLIZ, Z. (1998). “Wooden panels and their preparation for painting from the middle ages to the seventeenth century in Spain”. In: The Structural Conservation of Panel Paintings, Dardes, K. & Rothe, A. (eds.). Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute: 136-148. http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications/pdf_publications/panelpaintings.html.
VEROUGSTRAETE, H. (2015). Frames and Supports in 15th and 16th-century Southern Netherlandish Painting. Brussels: Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage. http://www.kikirpa.be/uploads/files/frames.pdf.
WADUM, J. (1998). “Historical overview of panel-making techniques in the Northern countries”. In: The Structural Conservation of Panel Paintings, Dardes, K. & Rothe, A. (eds.). Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute: 149-177. http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications/pdf_publications/panelpaintings.html
- Copyright and intellectual property belongs to author. Author guarantees editing and publishing rights to Ge-Conservación Journal, under a Creative Commons Attribution License. This license allows others to share the work with authorship and the original source of publication acknowledgement.
- Articles can be used for scientific and educational purposes but never for commercial use, being sanctioned by law.
- The whole content of the article is author’s responsibility.
- Ge-Conservación Journal and authors may establish additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the work version published at the Journal (for example, on institutional repositories or on a book) with acknowledgment of the original publication on this Journal.
- Author is allowed and encouraged to disseminate his works electronically (for example, on institutional repositories or on its own website) after being published on Ge-Conservación Journal. This will contribute for fruitful interchanges as also for wider and earlier citations of the author’s works.
- Author’s personal data will only be used for the Journal purposes and will not be given to others.